Indus Civilization:
Moen -Jo- Daro, Larkana, Sindh Mehrgarh in Baluchistan, 7000 years old is the oldest civilization.
Red-ware culture was knowns as Zhob Culture of North Baluchistan.
Buff-ware culture was comprised of Quetta, Amrinal and Kutli culture.
Indus Civilization is also known as Harrapan Civilization.
Indus civilization is contemporary of Mesopotamian, Nile and Yellow River civilization.
Indus Civilization was discovered in 1920’s at its two important sites, Moan-Jo-Daro (Larkana) & Harappa (Sahiwal district, Punjab).
Excavation of Moan-J0-Daro started in 1922 under the supervision of Sir John Marshal
The people of Indus civilization used Copper and Bronze material. (CCE Exam Sindh).
Decline of Indus civilization began by 1700 BC owing to the foreign invaders.
Aryan Civilization: (1500BC)
Aryans came from Central Asia.
Developed pastoral society and evolved into Rigvedic civilization.
They first settled in Northern frontier Part of India.
They brought an early version of Sanskrit
Aryans were divided into four classes based on color: Khashtriyas/Nobels, Brahmans/priests, Vaishyas/Peasantry, Shudras/hewers of wood and drawers of water.
They were mainly Vedic.
They composed “Ramayana and Mabharta”.
Buddhist Civilization:
Iron age civilization
Extended over much of Indo-Gangetic plains
Witnessed the rise of major polities known as ‘Mahajan Padas”
Mahajanapadas: sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE during the second urbanization period.
Jainism was founded by Vardhana Mahavira.
Buddhism was founded by Gautama Buddha
Both were preaching in Magadha during the reign of Bimbirsa (520BC)
Siddhartha Gautama:
Birth year: 623 BC
Place: Kapilvastu (Lumbini) in Tarai Plains of south east of modern Nepal.
Gandhara, Peshawar (old name, Purushpura) being the easternmost province of Achaemenid empire Persia [Capital: Pushkalavati (present day, charsadda], was a “Jewel of Buddhist Civilization
Kingdom of Gandhara:
Location: Northern Pakistan, Eastern Afghanistan, and centered in the region of Peshawar; stood between the two expanding kingdoms -- Ganges valley to the east and Achaemenid, the first Persian empire, to the west.
Main cities: Peshawar (Purushpura) and Tashkalvati (Taxila).
It came under the rule of Cyrus the great, Persia (559-530) and Alexander the Great (326-323 (death of Alexander at Babylon)).
Alexander’s successors founded the Indo-greek kingdom of Bactria based in what is today’s Afghanistan and extending to Peshawar.
Gandhara (Period: Bronze Age and Iron age) Grave culture: Dir and Swat.
Mauryan Empire: (321 BC -185BC)
India’s First Empire.
Founder: Chandra Gupta
Conquered Gandhara 321-297 BC), capital of first universal state of Northern India, Mauryan Empire; present day, Patna in Bihar.
KAUTILYA: Prime minister of Mauryan Empire and Mentor of Chandra Gupta.
Ashoka: (273-232BC)
Grandson of Chandra Gupta and 3rd Mauryan Empire.
Reign over what is present day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Northern India.
Converted to Buddhism
Taxila Became the leading center of Buddhism.
Bactrian, Sythanians, Parthians: (185-75 AD)
Kushan Empire:
Central Asian empire
This period is known as Gandhara Period
Earlier moved into the territory of Northern Part of Present-day Afghanistan,
Kanishka is great ruler of this dynasty (120-160 AD)
Capital: At Peshawar (Purushpura)
Gupta Empire: (4th – 6th century)
Ruled over northern and central India
Period witnessed Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence; known as “classical/golden age.
Last ruler: Skanda Gupta
Huns: (445 AD, Hephthalites)
They came from central Asia
Capital: Balkh
Invaded Northwest India via Kabul valley
Last Pan-Hindu kingdom which successfully defeated Huns was of Emperor Harsha Vardhana
712-1526
Arab rule:
Umayyad Caliphate:
Period:661-750/756
Capital: Damascus
Muhammad Bin Qasim:
AGE: 695-715
Belongs to Saqafi Tribe
He was appointed at the early age as governor or Persia by his uncle and father-in-law Hajjaj Bin Yousif, Governor of Iraq.
Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered Sindh in 712 after defeating Raja Dhahir in the battle of Aror. Prior, Muhammad Bin Qasim had captured Daibul. [Raja Dhahir’s wife name who fled to Fort of Rawar and fought Muhammad bin Qasim: Rani bai]
Note: capital of Sindh during the Raja dahar rule was Aror, Sukkur.
Muslim Rule in Sindh:
Sindh is called Dar-ul-Islam.
Concept of Jizya was introduced.
Instituted the office of ‘Sadra-I-Imam Al-ajal and elevated Musa ibn tai to this office.
Official language: Arabic
Capital of Sindh under Arab rule: Al-Mansurah/brahamanbad near Hyderabad
Note: Caliph at the time of conquest of Sindh was Walid Bin Abdul Malik.
Note: Walid Bin Abdul Malik was succeeded by his brother Suleiman. He replaced Muhammad Qasim with Habib Ibn Al-Muhlab as governor of Sindh and Hajjaj Bin Yousif was Succeeded by Yahya Ibn Al-Hakim as governor of Iraq.
Abbasid Caliphate:
750/756-1258 [capital: Baghdad]
Known as Golden Age of Islam
First caliph: Abbas Al-Saffa
Last caliph: Musta’sim Billah
Who is known as the real Founder of the Abbasid Caliphate? Al-Mansur.
Turkic Origin
Ruled in Khurasan (northeastern Iran), Afghanistan and Northern India.
Founder: Subuktigin (up to 977)
He was recognized as governor of Ghazna by Samanids (an Iranian Muslim dynasty from 819 – 999)
Mahmud of Ghazni:
1nd ruler (998 – 1030
Real name: Yamin-Ul-Dawlah Abu Al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn Subuktigin.
Note: Firdoosi, Persian poet, completed his epic “shahnamah” at the court of Mahmud about 1010 CE.
He was regarded as “idol breaker” & Kidnapper of Scholars.
Mahmud invaded India 17 times from 1000 – 1027.
1025: He attacked Somnath and destroyed Linga-great and sacred Idol of Hindus.
1027: He last time returned to India to punish Jutts.
Al-Bruni stayed in Mahmud’s court and wrote the famous book “Kitab-Ul-Hind”.
Last ruler: Khusro Malik
Ghourid Dynasty:
Founder: Ala’al-Din Husayn
Last ruler: Ala’al Din Ali
Persianate origin
Capital: Firozkot, Hirat
Language: Persian
Muhmmad Ghouri:
Real Name: Muizz al-Din Muhammad Ibn Sam. And, also called Shahab Uddin Muhammad Ghouri.
He Captured Multan and Och Shareef in 1175.
Invaded Peshawar and Sialkot in 1179 and 1185 respectively.
1186: He captured Lahore fort and put an end to Ghaznavid Rule by killing Khusro Malik.
1191: 1st battle of Tarain:
Mahmud Ghouri was defeated by a confederate of Rajput led by Chand of Kannuj.
1192: 2nd battle of Tarain
He defeated Rajputs and killed Prithvi Raj chohan, Rajput ruler of Ajmer and Delhi.
Mahmud handed over the occupied Indian part to Qutub-Ud-Din Aibak, who succeeded to his throne after he was assassinated in 1206.
Note: He invaded subcontinent for the first time through Gomal pass (1175).
He was a masterpiece at military tactics.
He is being called founder of Muslim empire in India.
1215: Khwarazm Shah took over the Ghourid.
Delhi Sultanate:
Slave Dynasty: (1206 – 1290)
1st Ruler: Qutab-Ud-Uddin Aibak (1150 -1210)
Founder of slave dynasty.
He died in 1210 During polo game at Lahore.
He was known for his generosity and people called him Lakh-data.
3rd Ruler: Iltutmish (1211 - 1236)
Real Name: shams al-Din Iltutmish
He acquired throne after defeating Aram shah, second short lived ruler of Slave dynasty.
He was known as father of slave dynasty and Slave of the Slave.
He was the first sovereign ruler of Delhi sultanate.
He introduced coin currency-Tanka.
Founded institution of Chaglan/forty.
He moved the capital of the empire to Delhi.
He preserved the Kingdom against the scourges of Mongol and Refused to give any shelter to Jalal-Ud-Din
Junyadi was the Wazir Nizam Al-Mulk
4th Ruler: Razziya Sultan (1236 – 1240)
First Muslim empress in South Asia.
Only female Ruler of Delhi sultanate
Razziya succeeded to the throne after the death of Rukunuddin Firoz in 1236.
Tomb: Near Turkmen gate, Delhi.
5th Ruler: Moizuddin Bahram
Giyassuddin Balban: (1266-1287)
Prime minister during the reign of Nasir Uddin Muhammad (1245 – 1266)
Original Name: Baha-Ud-Din.
He called Himself Naib-e-Khudai
He is also called the savior of Delhi Sultanate
Known for his theory of Kingship.
He adopted the Policy of Blood and Iron
He eliminated the group of forty created by Iltutmish
He was succeeded by Moiz-Ud-Din Qaiqabad in 1287.
Death and Burial: 1287, Tomb of Balban, Delhi
Very Important GK on Slave Dynasty:
Moiz-Uddin Qaiqabad was overthrown by Jalal Uddin Firoz Khilji, who was his prime minister, in a coup.
Iltutmish was the first Sultan who requested and obtained letters of investiture from the Caliph.
Lakh Baksh: a title given to Qutub Uddin Aibak
Iltutmish established a center of learning at Delhi.
Genghis Khan Reached Indus in 1221.
Architecture of Slave Dynasty:
Quwwat-e-Islam/Qutab Mosque, Delhi built by Qutab-Ud-Din Aibak.
Qutub Minar or tower of victory, Delhi: The Qutb Minar, also spelled Qutub Minar and Qutub Minar, is a minaret and "victory tower" that forms part of the Qutb complex, which lies at the site of Delhi’s oldest fortified city, Lal Kot, founded by the Tomar rajputs:
Height of Qutub Minar: 240’ (73 meters)
Construction started under Qutab Ud Din Aibak and completed by Iltutmish.
Adhai Din Ka Jhopra:
A celebrated Mosque in Ajmer city.
Construction: 1200 AD by Qutab Uddin Aibak.
Tomb of Sultan Ghouri (the introvert King)
India’s first ever tomb located in Malkpur, South Delhi.
Mausoleum of Iltutmish’s eldest son, Nasir Uddin Muhammad.
Khilji Dynasty (1290- 1320)
Introduction:
Turk-o-Afghan Dynasty
Founder: Jalal-Ud-Din Firoz Khilji when he killed Moiz-Ud-Din Qaiqabad in coup in the Kailu-gheri Palace.
Official Language: Persian, followed by Arabic
Khilji were central Asian.
Last Ruler: Mubarak Khilji/Khusro Khan
1st Ruler: Jalal-Ud-Din Firoz Khilji (1290 – 1296):
Founder of this dynasty.
Title: Shaista Khan
He dethroned the 11th ruler of Slave Dynasty, Shamsuddin Kayamarus
Ariz-e-Mamlikat during the reign of Moiz Uddin Qaiqabad, last ruler of slave dynasty.
Birth Place and Name: Afghanistan, Firoz Khan.
Amir Khusro, Jalal Ud Din’s courtier, wrote Miftah-ul-Fateh (1291) to commemorate his victory.
He was Assassinated By his nephew Alla-Ud-Din Khilji.
2nd Ruler: Alla-Ud-Din Khilji (1296 – 1316)
Father: Shahab-Ud-Din Masud
Regnal Name: Alla-Ud-Din wad Din Muhammad Shah-Us-Sultan
Real Name: Ali Gurshasp. He was also called Juna Muhammad Khilji.
Title: Sikandar-i-Sani
First Muslim imperialist in India. Prior: Governor of Kava, India
He conquered Mewar after defeating Ratan Singh
Military Commander: Malik Kufar (Hazar Dinari)
Sidi Maula, a dervish, was executed by him.
He was known as “Clemency” as he followed policy of peace and Non-Violence.
He is known for his “Price control Policy”
Iqta System was abolished by him.
He Introduced two new systems in Military: Dagh (a stain on imported horse) and Chehra/Holiya (attendance register for soldiers)
Market reforms:
Price control policy
Diwan-e-Mustakharaj, Separate department of revenue.
Sira-i-Adil (place of justice), separate market for soldiers in cantonment areas.
Shahna-i-Mandi, Market officers
Diwan-e-Riyasat, Marketing department.
Promoted the Policy of religion dichotomy
He openly rejected the Khalifa.
Architecture:
Alai darwaza:
Built in the year 1311 by Alla-Ud-Din Khilji
Jamait Khana Mosque
Located in Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya Complex, constructed by Khizer Khan.
Siri Fort:
Second of Seven cities built in 1303 by Alla-Ud-Din Khilji.
Tughlaq Dynasty:
Introuction:
Duration: 1320 – 1414
Muslim dynasty of turkic origin
Founder: Ghazi malik, later known as Giyas-Ud-Din Tughlaq
Common and Official language: Persian
Currency: Taka
Territory: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal.
1st Ruler: Giyas-Ud-Din Tughlaq
Real Name: Ghazi Malik
Prior to becoming empror, he was governor of Dilapur.
Battle of Lahrwat, 1320 A.D. ( Ghazi malik Vs Khusro Khan)
Tughlaq Nama is written by Amir Khusro.
He was first Muslim ruler who considered his kingdom part of Dar-Ul-Islam
Soomro Tribe took control of thatta through a revolt against him.
He was died due to collapse of Pavilion used for his reception at Afghanpur
2nd Ruler: Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325 – 1351)
Real Name: Juna Khan
He has been descried as “mixture of opposites” by the historians
He was also known as “man of knowledge”.
He was proficient in Philosophy.
Shifted capital from delhi to devangiri, Daultabad.
Created department of Diwan-i-Kohi to improve agriculture.
He issued copper (Takka) coins and Brass coins.
Ibn Batutta, arrived in India from Morrocco.
3rd ruler: Firoz shah Tughlaq (1351 – 1388)
Reputed to Build large network of canals in India
Charged irrigation tax on the farmers for the first time.
Made iqtadari system hereditary
Introduced new coins: Adha & Bikh
He established an unemployment bureau, a charity bureau, and a charitable hospital.
Imposed Jizya on Brahamans.
Last Ruler: Nasir-Ud-Din Muhammad
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